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Halvergate Marshes
The Halvergate Marshes are an area of grazing marsh in the east of the English county of Norfolk. They form part of the area of The Broads and lie between the River Bure and the River Yare, bordering Breydon Water on the east. The marshes cover an area of around 〔(Coastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh - Habitat Action Plan ), Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership, December 2005. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕 Over half of the area is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest as well as a Ramsar Site and forms part of the Broadland Special Protection Area.
==History==
Halvergate Marshes were an estuary in Roman times and remained a tidal creek into the Medieval period.〔〔Williamson.T (1997) ''The Norfolk Broads" a landscape history'', Manchester University Press.〕 By the time of Domesday Book the land was already being used for grazing sheep, with Halvergate being recorded as having 960 sheep at the time, a larger amount than any other part of the marshes.〔 Some evidence of possible salt workings also remains.〔 Around 400 years ago the land was drained and converted to grazing marsh using a series of windpumps or windmills and drainage ditches. It was used mainly to graze sheep and cattle, although was occasionally farmed as arable land until coastal flooding in the 1780s.〔
Arable ploughing in the 1960s and 70s damaged the ditch landscape and ecology and in the 1980s further draining was undertaken.〔〔Cook. H.F & Williamson.T (1999) ''Water Management in the English Landscape: Field, Marsh and Meadow'', Edinburgh University Press.〕 This led to the loss of wildlife habitat and in 1981 an area in size was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.〔(Halvergate Marshes ), SSSI citation, Natural England. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕 In 1985 the Broads Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and Countryside Commission developed the Broads Grazing Marsh Conservation Scheme, a series of financial incentives to persuade farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly methods on Halvergate Marshes.〔(Grazing Marsh ), Broads Authority. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕〔(Aitken Clark obituary ), ''The Guardian'', 2010-04-19. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕〔Brouwer.F & van der Straaten.J (2002) ''Nature and Agriculture in the European Union: New Perspectives on Policies that Shape the European Countryside'', Edward Elgar Publishing, p.202.〕 This led to the creation of the UK's first Environmentally Sensitive Area on Halvergate Marshes in 1987 and was the prototype for ESAs nationally.〔(Heaven on earth, Wickhampton, Norfolk ), ''The Guardian'', 2004-05-10. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕〔(Broads ESA ), Natural England. Retrieved 2014-02-20.〕
The marshes are dotted with windpumps, many without sails or even caps. These structures were used for draining the marshes before the introduction of motor or diesel pumps. Among the best preserved are Stracey Arms Mill on the River Bure, Lockgate Mill, Mutton's Mill and the Berney Arms Windmill, a Scheduled Ancient Monument on the River Yare.
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